![]() The World Bank also uses a societal poverty line (SPL) that reflects a more relative concept of poverty. (2022) for the derivation of the international poverty line and higher lines with the 20 PPPs, respectively. For more technical details, see Jolliffe and Prdyz (2016) and Jolliffe ⓡ al. With 2017 PPPs, these lines are $3.65 for lower-middle-income countries and $6.85 for upper-middle-income countries. For richer countries, two higher lines are more relevant for measuring poverty. This line is most relevant for measuring poverty in low-income countries. First, the international poverty line (IPL) is used to measure extreme poverty. The World Bank has different poverty lines to measure monetary poverty. For how the IPL has been updated in the past, see Ferreira et al. For more details about the methodology used in deriving and updating the IPL, see this blog and working paper. The IPL is now derived as the median of the national poverty lines of 28 of the world’s poorest countries, expressed in 2017 PPPs. With the gathering and analysis of new data from other low-income countries, we have expanded the reference group. ![]() The selection of these 15 poor countries was based on limited data at the time. The IPL of $1.90, which was used until fall 2022, was derived as the mean of the national poverty lines of 15 poor countries in the 1990s, expressed in 2011 PPPs. This formed the basis for the first dollar-a-day international poverty line. Once converted into a common currency, they found that in six of these very poor countries around the 1980s the value of the national poverty line was about $1 per day per person (in 1985 prices). The PPP exchange rates are constructed to ensure that the same quantity of goods and services are priced equivalently across countries. In 1990, a group of independent researchers and the World Bank examined national poverty lines from some of the poorest countries in the world and converted those lines into a common currency by using purchasing power parity (PPP) exchange rates. That’s why we need a poverty line that measures poverty in all countries by the same standard. ![]() This would be the equivalent of using a different yardstick in each country to identify who is poor. However, when we want to identify how many people in the world live in extreme poverty across countries, we cannot simply add up the national poverty rates of each country. Not surprisingly, richer countries tend to have higher poverty lines, while poorer countries have lower poverty lines. You will be required to sign in with or create a Microsoft Account.We start with the poverty line defined by each country, which usually reflects the amount below which a person’s minimum nutritional, clothing, and shelter needs cannot be met in that country. Your product key will automatically be applied. You will be taken to to download and activate Microsoft Office 365 Personal. Please make sure you are using the computer or device where you want Microsoft Office 365 Personal installed. You control your upgrades, and you decide whether and when to version-up. When you purchase an Office 365 subscription, you get the latest software versions and upgrades as soon as they’re available, at no extra cost. Plus, with 60 minutes of Skype per month, connecting with colleagues and friends has never been easier. 1 TB of free OneDrive online storage means you’ll have tons of space to save your work to the cloud and share it with colleagues-and even co-author, edit and make comments in real-time together, whether you’re in the next room or across the globe. All the tools you know and love, now built for even greater productivity and collaboration. You can keep working even if you’re not online. Office 365 comes fully loaded with the latest and greatest versions of Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook and more, downloaded directly to your favorite devices. Plus, enhanced collaboration tools and 1 TB of cloud storage make it easier than ever for the whole team to work together. ![]() Install the applications on your PC or Mac, tablet and phone, so you can work how, where and when you like. An annual subscription to Office 365 provides you with the new Office 2016 applications, plus a whole lot more.
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